Hao hoolei maalea

No laila, ua like kona haku me ka hao keokeo, me ka nui iki o ke kalapona a me ke silika. Loaʻa i ka hao malleable nā ​​nodules graphite ʻaʻole ʻōpoʻopoʻa maoli lākou i loko o ka hao ductile no ka mea ua hana ʻia lākou mai ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma mua o ka wā hoʻomaha mai ka heheʻe. Hana ʻia ka hao malleable ma ka hoʻolei mua ʻana i ka hao keʻokeʻo i pale ʻia nā flakes o ka graphite, a ʻo nā kalapona i hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka hao carbide. Hoʻomaka ka hao maʻalahi ma ke ʻano he hao keʻokeʻo i mālama ʻia i ka wela no hoʻokahi lā a ʻelua paha ma kahi o 950 °C (1,740 °F) a laila maʻalili i hoʻokahi lā a ʻelua paha. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻololi ke kalapona i ka hao carbide i mau nodules graphite i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi matrix ferrite a i ʻole pearlite, ma muli o ka nui o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ke kaʻina lohi e hiki ai i ka ʻili o ka ʻili ke hana i nā nodules graphite ma mua o nā flakes. ʻO ka hao malleable, e like me ka hao ductile, loaʻa i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī no ka mea ua hui pū ʻia ka graphite nodular a me ka matrix metallic carbon haʻahaʻa. E like me ka hao ductile, hōʻike ka hao malleable i ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka corrosion a me ka machinability maikaʻi loa. He mea pono no ka lawelawe lōʻihi ma nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia a me ka ikaika luhi. ʻElua ʻano o ka hao malleable ferritic: ʻeleʻele a me ka puʻuwai keʻokeʻo.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā pahu liʻiliʻi e koi ana i ka ikaika tensile maikaʻi a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi ʻole me ka haki ʻole (ductility). ʻO nā noi o nā hao hoʻoheheʻe malleable he nui nā ʻāpana kaʻa pono e like me nā mea lawe ʻokoʻa, nā hihia ʻokoʻa, nā pāpale halihali, a me nā hale hoʻokele. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā mea hana lima, nā brackets, nā ʻāpana mīkini, nā lako uila, nā paipu paipu, nā lako mahiʻai, a me nā lako hana eli.